Antique metal fence

The use of metal railing to provide a fence dates back to the 18th Century in Britain. Most of the early railings were quite simple affairs made from wrought iron, such as the 'Estate Railing' seen around many large estates, which comprises 4 to 6 horizontal bars of wrought iron with interspersed vertical struts, these often date back to the Georgian period.  The first recorded use of cast iron for fencing dates to , when ornate railing was commissioned for St Pauls Cathedral. The process of casting iron allows for decorative shapes to be produced relatively cheaply and by the 19th Century most fine houses in the major cities were fronted with runs of ornate railing. During the Second World some railing was removed in major cities, supposedly to help the war effort. Common patterns of railing include spear topped, fleur de lys, spike topped and hoop topped. 

We sometimes get good runs of reclaimed railings, usually of the hoop topped or estate railing variety and these tend to sell quickly.  Also popular are short railings, for mounting on top of walls. We also sell a lot of decorative railings to interior designers for use in shops, bars and restaurants, these can be incorporated into display racks, partitions and balcony rails.

While wood may be one of the most commons fencing materials, when it comes to enclosing traditional commercial and residential buildings, the most favored balance of versatility and durability has always been iron and steel. 

Wrought Iron Fencing

An ancient material&#x;but effectively no longer made today&#x;wrought iron is iron ore refined with a low-carbon content (no more than %). Compared to the higher carbon content of cast iron and steel, wrought iron is close to pure iron, which makes it very malleable and readily formed into characteristic scrolls, twists and leaves.

Wrought-iron fencing and railing have European roots, and though iron was available as early as the midth century from small forges like Saugus Iron Work in Saugus, MA, (established , now a National Historic Site), much was also imported. By the 18th century, domestic wrought-iron fencing was more common in cities such as Charleston, SC, which produced acclaimed fences and railings by three German smiths.

At the turn of the 20th century, when steel had eclipsed iron as the dominant architectural metal, wrought iron enjoyed a rebirth in unmatched popularity and creativity. The revival was propelled not only by the rise of the Colonial Revival and Arts & Crafts movements, but also by one of the visionary masters of the ironwork craft: Samuel Yellin.

Cast Iron Fencing

An iron-carbon alloy known for centuries, cast iron did not take off as building material until the invention of the hot blast furnace in England , and the switch from charcoal to coke and coal as a forge fuel. In contrast to wrought iron, cast iron cannot be hammered, twisted or otherwise fashioned by an artisan; and though good in compression, to have any strength, individual pieces had to be beefy and therefore quite heavy. However, since cast iron products were cast from molds, they could be mass produced rapidly and economically in identical forms and unlimited numbers, making it the marvel material of the Victorian age.

While cast iron could not duplicate the lithe, muscular forms of wrought-iron fencing, it could mimic the surface decorations and general shapes and outlines of objects from houses to statuary to furniture. Moreover, because it could be mass produced, cast iron made possible the order-by-catalogs products of famous foundries, such as the Wood & Perot Iron Foundry of Philadelphia that shipped cast-iron fencing and railings all over the country, bringing affordable fencing to wide ranges of the population, and becoming an iconic part of cities like New Orleans.

It is also easy to weld and less susceptible to rust than other ferrous metals. Explains Don Quick of Architectural Iron Company in Milford, PA. "Today what is commonly called wrought iron is actually mild steel bars that are heated, 'hammered,' and bent into shapes (frequently by machines) to mass produce scrolls, twisted bars and the like."

Composite Fences

By the s though, they hit upon the idea of combining wire with wrought and cast iron to produce what was called a composite fence. Here, the decorative weave of a wire fence was enhanced by casting ornaments along the top rail or at strategic places where wires intersected. Composite fences were regularly used to set off featured spaces such as private yards, cemeteries and churchyards, and being relatively light and flexible they were particularly well suited to galleries and balconies&#x;both inside as well as outside buildings&#x;as the historic districts of cities like Savannah and New Orleans still show. 

Steel Fencing

Steel, which is generally iron with not more than 2% carbon, began to displace wrought and cast iron for fence-making at the end of the 19th century along with advances in mass producing the metal. Steel ushered in a new fence type&#x;the composite fence made of steel and malleable iron&#x;composed of light-gauge wire that was zinc-galvanized for protection, machine woven for rapid production, then shipped in rolls for installation on posts.

Such fencing&#x;the precursors to the chain-link fence so ubiquitous today&#x;were widely marketed by mail-order giants Sears Roebuck and Co. and Montgomery Ward and used on farms and households alike. The popularity of metal fencing, from iron to steel woven-wire, continued apace well into the 20th century until two world wars took their toll.

World War I saw many old cast- and iron-wire fences torn up and melted down in scrap drives&#x;the historic fence surrounding Boston Garden being a famous example. During World War II, all fence production was shifted to strictly utilitarian types, spelling the end of decorative designs for most major manufacturers.

Select Suppliers

Wiemann Metal Craft 
Tulsa, OK
www.wmcraft.com 

King Architectural Metals
Dallas, TX
www.kingmetals.com

Architectural Iron Company
Milford, PA 
www.architecturaliron.com

Historical Arts & Casting
West Jordan, UT
www.historicalarts.com

Robinson Iron
Alexander City, AL
www.robinsoniron.com

Stewart Iron Works
Covington, KY
www.stewartironworks.com

Bill's Custom Metal Fabrication
Westbury, NY  
www.ironcrafters.com

Mueller Ornamental Iron Works 
Elk Grove Village, IL
www.ornamentaliron.net

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if you’re the fan of white color, you must have already been thinking about decorating your dwelling in white. there are so many places where to use this color of perfection: the look of the walls, furniture, and decorative elements. however, white furniture has got some advantages and disadvantages. let’s have a look at them.

advantages of white furniture

1. white goes well with every color. besides, white has a bunch of shades so you’ll have what to choose from.

1. white walls look awesome. they make the room stunning. in spite of what wall decoration you choose, you already have a perfect background.

1. this color expands the space. it makes rooms look larger. besides, it creates the feelings of brightness and neatness.

disadvantages of white furniture

1. don’t turn your room into the hospital. the abundance of white color can look bad. it’s better to mix white with some bright colors, creating a simple norwegian style.

1. white color can be boring. some people prefer using pale and beige decoration to the white ones.

1. white furniture becomes dirty very quickly. if you have pets in the house, the white accessories will soon lose their brightness and turn into pale yellow.

white is the color that never gets out of fashion. knowing the pros and cons of using white in the décor, everyone can choose for himself/herself whether to use it in the interior. the white furniture will create a nice and stylish atmosphere in every room.

the china international service trade fair (service trade fair) will be held in beijing from september 2nd to 7th. meanwhile, the global service trade summit will be held on september 2. president xi jinping will deliver a speech at the global service trade summit via video.

as one of the three major exhibition platforms for china's opening to the outside world, the service trade fair has become a leading event in the field of global service trade, and is a close link between china and the world. people from many countries and the media expressed that they look forward to the service trade fair that will continue to provide opportunities for all parties to deepen cooperation, build consensus, and promote global economic recovery in the post-epidemic era.

"service trade fair has become an important global platform"

this year, the service trade fair will host 5 summit forums, forum meetings and promotion and negotiation activities, as well as 8 side events. more than 10, companies from countries and regions have registered to participate in the exhibition, and the world's top and industry-leading companies accounted for 18%, an increase of 9 percentage points from the previous time. the heads of exhibitors and enterprises said that the increase in the attractiveness of the service trade fair stems from china's open cooperation environment and broad development prospects.

tang zhimin, director of the china-asean studies center of the chia university school of management in thailand, said that this year's service trade fair will cover all major areas of service trade, build a platform and provide opportunities for international service trade cooperation, and will inject impetus into the development of global service trade.

"during the service trade fair in , we participated in the winter sports special exhibition, and the response was very good." thomas tajuman, general manager of the czech ski brand alpine china market, said that many european brands have gained more cooperation opportunities through the service trade fair. . "as the beijing winter olympics approach, china's ice and snow sports market will usher in rapid growth. this is a good development opportunity for us."

zvi schiller, chairman of the israel robotics association, said that many professionals and investors are expected to participate in this service trade fair. china has a huge market and strong manufacturing capabilities, and the association is considering establishing a joint r&d center with china.

the panamanian "star" published an article that panama regards the service trade fair as an important boost to the global economic recovery in the post-epidemic era. mark garcia, senior regional consultant of lixin certified public accountants in panama business consulting company, believes that the trade in service is an excellent opportunity to promote cooperation between panama and china in the field of digital economy services. "the service trade fair can allow foreign investors to better understand china, as well as the service trade support and facilitation measures china provides, which will further enhance investors' confidence in long-term investment in china."

"china has become a major trading partner of many countries. the holding of the service trade fair not only conveys to the world china's confidence in opening up to the outside world, but also promotes trade exchanges between china and other economies and builds an important platform for exchanges and cooperation. "brazil business leaders organization china chairman everton monezi said.

wesley douglas, director of the african carbon exchange, is very pleased to see that this year's service trade will include carbon peaking and carbon neutrality as a key issue. “the service trade fair has become an important global platform, and this platform is helpful for solving global problems.” he said that china has provided an important reference for developing countries to practice green development, and african countries have a strong desire for green economic development. , there is an urgent need for related investment and technology introduction. africa and china have great potential for cooperation in these areas.

"digital technology brings hope to the future"

in his speech at the service trade conference global service trade summit, president xi jinping emphasized that it is necessary to comply with the development trend of digitalization, networking, and intelligence, and work together to eliminate the "digital divide" and promote the digitalization of service trade. the theme of this year's service trade fair is "digital opens up the future, service promotes development". visitors will experience various innovative service products and the latest technologies provided by domestic and foreign enterprises through the service trade fair. in particular, new services centered on the digital economy have received widespread attention from the international community.

yukio kajida, a professor at chuo university in japan, said that in the post-epidemic era, the importance of the digital economy has become more and more prominent. governments and enterprises of various countries are actively promoting the development of the digital economy, and china is at the forefront of this field. this year's service trade fair uses "digitalization" as a key word, which will help promote cooperation and exchanges between global companies in the new situation, and further contribute to global technological innovation, economic development and improvement of people's lives. trade in services will become an important force to promote the recovery of the world economy.

everton monezi said that china’s experience in promoting the application of electronic payment technology is worth learning from latin america. latin american countries are starting to revitalize their economies in order to achieve long-term sustainable development. the service trade fair provides a high-level platform for cooperation between latin america and china, allowing more high-quality latin american companies to enter the chinese market and contribute to the recovery of the world economy.

"digital technology brings hope to the future." susanna gutkovska, acting chief representative of the beijing office of the polish national tourism administration, said that this year's "cloud showroom" at the service trade fair provided them with the opportunity to contact and communicate with their chinese partners. an opportunity for chinese tourists to issue invitations. poland's primorsky province and warsaw tourism organization set up booths in the yunshang exhibition hall to attract visitors. the holding of the service trade fair will help the recovery of the global tourism industry.

karl fei, a professor at the business school of aalto university in finland, believes that china has accumulated a lot of experience in the development of the digital economy. for example, the government provides policy support for enterprises, revitalizes the domestic market for digital services, and supports and encourages innovative companies in this field. share and discuss these experiences with all parties at the service trade conference.

"it is of great significance to the recovery of the world economy"

according to data from the ministry of commerce of china, despite the impact of the epidemic, china's total service imports and exports in will still exceed rmb trillion. in the first half of this year, the added value of china's service industry reached trillion yuan, accounting for % of gdp, providing strong support for the high-quality development of service trade. international sources said that under the background of economic globalization, china's economy is open and inclusive, opening its doors to embrace companies from all over the world, and will contribute wisdom and strength to the deepening of global service trade and investment cooperation.

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mohamed farahart, director of the egyptian pyramid politics and strategic research center, said that the service and trade will build a sound framework for international cooperation, create a healthier business and investment environment, help establish a new operating structure and trade network, and promote service trade. , investment and capital flow.

lu yaoqun, director of the institute of governance and sustainable development of the national university of singapore business school, said that the service trade association is an excellent platform to promote the development of free trade and common prosperity between china, asia and the rest of the world. the service trade association once again confirmed china's long-term commitment to the idea of building a community with a shared future for mankind.

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tang zhimin said that open and inclusive service trade is also an important part of the regional comprehensive economic partnership agreement. china has used practical actions to create an open and inclusive environment for cooperation through the holding of service trade fairs and china international import expo. "under the current economic situation, china insists on expanding its opening up to the outside world and leading global cooperation. these measures are of great significance to the recovery of the world economy."

hanat besek, president of the china association for the promotion of trade in kazakhstan, said that china’s opening to the outside world has evolved from the initial policy preferences to the current institutional opening, which not only benefits the chinese people, but also contributes to the economic development of neighboring countries. significant driving effect.